П 20 Pathophysiology : textbook [for students of higher medical education establishments] / ed. N. V. Krishtal, V. A. Mikhnev ; N. V. Krishtal, V. A. Mikhnev, N. N. Zayko et al. - K. : Medicine Publishing, 2017. - 655 p. : il. - На англ. мові. - References: p. 603-637. - Index: p. 638-655. - ISBN 978-617-505-616-5 : 610.00 грн Переклад назви: Патофізіологія: підручник / за ред. М. В. Кришталя, В. А. Міхньова
Рубрики: ПАТОФІЗІОЛОГІЯ(англ)--Підручник Кл.слова (ненормовані): підручники -- national textbook Анотація: The textbook is prepared by a team of staff at higher educational institutions and academic research institutions of Ukraine, who are recognized experts in various aspects of pathophysiology that gives reason this basic textbook to be national. It is recommended for English-speaking students of higher medical educational establishments. The textbook can be useful for teachers and physicians of all specialties. Abbreviations........................ 11 Preface........................... 14 Introduction (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay N. Zayko).......15 The Subject and Tasks of Pathological Physiology............ 15 Relationship Between Pathological Physiology and Other Medical Sciences, Its Importance for Clinical Disciplines................ 15 Experiment as the Basic Method of Pathological Physiology........ 16 Historical Sketch of the Development of Pathological Physiology (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Valentin F. Myslitskiy; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Sergey V. Ziablitsev)...18 Part One GENERAL NOSOLOGY Chapter I. GENERAL THEORY OF DISEASES (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay N. Zayko).............. 23 Health............................. 23 Disease............................. 24 Principles of Diseases Classification................. 25 Pathological Reaction, Pathological Process, Pathological Condition......26 Typical Pathological Processes......... 27 Main Periods (Stages) of Disease Development....... 27 Chapter II. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay N. Zayko)..... 31 Etiology................... 31 Conditions of the Disease Occurrence...... 33 Pathogenesis................. 34 The Cause-and-Effect Relationship......... 35 General and Local.............. 36 Structure and Function............. 36 Nonspecific and Specific............ 36 Adaptation and Compensation.......... 37 Reactivity and its Role in Pathology (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Liudmila Ya. Danilova) 38 Types of Resistance. Relations with Reactivity..... 39 Chapter III. PATHOGENIC EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE ORGANISM (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Natalia K. Simeonova) 41 Mechanical Trauma............. 41 Thermal Trauma............. 41 Barotrauma.............. 45 Radiation Injury.............. 46 Etiology............. 46 Pathogenesis............ 47 Acute Radiation Disease.......... 53 Chronic Radiation Disease........... 54 Electrotrauma.............. 55 Pathogenic Effect of Space Flight Factors....... 56 Chapter IV. THE ROLE OF HEREDITY, CONSTITUTION AND AGE IN PATHOLOGY (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Natalia K. Simeonova)....... 57 Genetically Determined Diseases........ 57 Classification............. 57 Etiology............. 58 Pathogenesis............ 59 Molecular Genetic (Hereditary) Diseases...... 60 Chromosomal Diseases.......... 65 Hereditary Predisposition........... 66 Genetic Examination of a Patient....... 66 Principles of Prevention and Treatment of Hereditary Diseases 69 Role of The Constitution in Pathology........ 70 Pathological Physiology of Fetal Development (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Larisa A. Popova)...... 73 Ageing (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Gennadiy M. Butenko)..... 74 Changes in the Body during Aging....... 77 Ageing and Diseases........... 82 Causes and Mechanisms of Ageing........ 83 The Ways of Influence on Ageing........ 84 Part Two GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CELLS. TYPICAL METABOLIC DISORDERS Chapter V. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CELL (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Gennadiy M. Butenko)...... 86 Disturbances of Cells Functions........ 86 Disorders of Metabolic Processes and Environment Interaction... 87 Disturbance of Cell Energy Supply......... 88 Disturbances of Genetic Information Storage and Transfer. 89 Intracellular Synthesis Disorders......... 91 Dissimilation Interruption.......... 92 Cell Damage and Death............ 93 Chapter VI. PATHOLOGY OF ENERGY BALANCE (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Liudmila Ya. Danilova; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal)..... 95 Chapter VII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Liudmila Ya. Danilova; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal).... 98 Carbohydrate Metabolism and its Regulation...... 98 Pathology of the Carbohydrate Metabolism....... 100 Chapter VIII. Pathophysiology OF lipid METABOLISM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Liudmila Ya. Danilova)... 105 Malabsorption of Lipids............ 105 Disorders of Lipid Transport and Deposition....... 105 Lipid Infiltration and Lipid Dystrophy...... 107 Disorder of Intermediate Lipid Metabolism...... 107 Disorders of Lipid Metabolism in The Adipose Tissue..... 108 Obesity................ 109 Weight Loss............... 114 Lipidoses.............. 115 Chapter IX. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PROTEIN METABOLISM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Larisa A. Popova; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Victor Ye. Dosenko).... 116 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism....... 116 Hereditary Disorders of Metabolism of Certain Amino Acids.. 117 Disorders of Final Stages of Protein Metabolism...... 119 Disorders of Proteins of the Blood....... 120 Disorders of the Nucleic Acids Metabolism...... 120 Chapter X. PATOPHYSIOLOGY OF ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal)..... 122 Etiology, Pathogenesis and Forms of Acid-Base Imbalance.... 124 The Relationship between ABH and Mineral Exchange.... 124 Etiology and Classification of Non-Respiratory Acid-Base Imbalance 126 Pathological Effects of Acid-Base Imbalance on the Body.... 127 Mechanisms of Compensation of Acid-Base Imbalance.... 128 Chapter XI. PATOPHYSIOLOGY OF WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Oleg I. Sukmanskiy).... 132 Types, Causes, and Consequences of Water-Electrolyte Imbalance 136 Electrolyte Imbalance........... 142 The Exchange of Sodium and Its Imbalance....... 142 The Exchange of Potassium and Its Imbalance.... 143 The Exchange of Magnesium and Its Imbalance.... 144 The Exchange of Chlorine and Its Imbalance..... 145 The Exchange of Calcium and Its Imbalance...... 146 The Exchange of Phosphorus and Its Imbalance...... 148 The Osteoporosis............. 149 Chapter XII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MICROELEMENTS METABOLISM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal)..... 151 Iron Exchange and Imbalance........... 152 Copper Exchange and Imbalance......... 156 Zinc Exchange and Imbalance........... 159 Manganese Exchange And Imbalance......... 161 Chromium Exchange and Imbalance.......... 162 Vanadium Exchange and Imbalance.......... 163 Molybdenum Exchange and Imbalance........ 165 Selenium Exchange and Imbalance.......... 165 Iodine Exchange And Imbalance......... 169 Fluoride Exchange and Imbalance.......... 171 Chapter XIII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VITAMINS METABOLISM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal)..... 173 Classification and General Characteristics of Vitamins in the Human Body 173 Sources of Vitamins and Their Metabolism in the Body.... 177 Main Causes of Vitamin Deficiency Development..... 179 Deficiency of Antineurotic Vitamin В1........ 181 Deficiency of Riboflavin........... 182 Deficiency of Antipellagric Vitamin РР...... 182 Deficiency of Antidermatitic Vitamin В6...... 183 Deficiency of Folic Acid........... 184 Deficiency of Antianemic Vitamin В12...... 185 Deficiency of Antiscorbutic Vitamin C....... 186 Deficiency of Biotin............ 187 Deficiency of Rutin.......... 188 Deficiency of Antixerophthalmic Vitamin A...... 188 Deficiency of Antirachitic Vitamin D........ 188 Deficiency of Vitamin E......... 190 Deficiency of Vitamin F......... 191 Deficiency of Antihemorrhagic Vitamin K..... 192 Hypervitaminoses............. 192 Part Three TYPICAL PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES Chapter XIV. Pathophysiology of peripheral blood CIRCULATION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Yuriy V. Byts; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Anatoliy V. Kubyshkin).... 194 Arterial Hyperemia........... 196 Venous Hyperemia............. 201 Ischemia............... 202 Stasis.............. 206 Thrombosis............. 206 Embolism............... 209 Chapter XV. microcirculatory disorders (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Yuriy V. Byts; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Anatoliy V. Kubyshkin) 213 Intravascular Mechanisms of Microcirculatory Disorders.. 214 Extravascular Mechanisms of Microcirculatory Disorders.. 217 Chapter XVI. INFLAMMATION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal) 218 Experimental Models of Inflammation......... 219 Etiology of Inflammation........... 220 Pathogenesis of Inflammation.......... 220 Alteration............. 221 The Inflammatory Cells and Mediators........ 225 The Influence of Inflammatory Mediators on the Organism. 233 Vascular Reactions in Inflammation....... 234 Exudation.............. 236 Emigration of the White Blood Cells...... 237 Phagocytosis.............. 242 Proliferation and Regeneration........ 244 Classification............ 249 Chapter XVII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNITY (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vladislav A. Horban; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal) 251 The Main Functions and Structure of the Immune System... 251 Genesis and Function of T- and B-Lymphocytes...... 253 Experimental Models of Hypofunction of the Immune System... 257 Immune Deficiency Diseases......... 257 Immune-Suppressive Diseases........ 263 Disorders of the Systems that Functionally Associated with the Immune System 264 Chapter XVIII. ALLERGY (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vladislav A. Horban) 267 Etiology............... 267 Classification of Allergens........ 267 Pathogenesis.............. 269 Immunological Stage of Allergic Reactions and Their Classification 269 The Pathochemical Stage of Allergic Reactions..... 274 Pathophysiological Stage of Allergic Reactions.... 276 Mechanisms of Formation of Allergic Reactions..... 277 Autoallergic Diseases........... 279 False Allergy (Paraallergy, Heteroallergy)..... 281 Prevention of the Allergy. Desensibilization...... 282 Chapter XIX. FEVER (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay N. Zayko). 283 Etiology............... 283 Pathogenesis. The Role of the Thermoregulatory Centers in the Fever Development 284 Stages of the Fever............. 288 Types of Temperature Curves........... 289 Difference between Fever and Hyperthermia...... 291 Effect of Fever on Body Organs and Systems..... 292 Significance of Fever for Organism....... 293 Chapter XX. TUMORS (NEOPLASMS) (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vladislav A. Horban)..... 295 Experimental Models of Neoplasia......... 295 Features of the Neoplastic Tissue........ 296 Malignancy of Tumors............ 298 Etiology of Tumor............ 299 Pathogenesis of Tumor........... 302 The Tumor Effect on the Organism......... 309 The Role of the Organism in the Neoplastic Process... 310 Chapter XXI. STARVATION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Liudmila Ya. Danilova) 313 The Complete Starvation............ 313 Incomplete Starvation........... 318 Partial Starvation........... 319 Chapter XXII. HYPOXIA (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Natalia K. Simeonova) 321 Etiology............... 321 Pathogenesis.............. 322 Compensatory and Adaptive Reactions......... 322 Immediate Compensatory Reactions......... 323 Delayed Compensatory Reactions........ 324 Adaptation............. 326 Pathological Changes During the Hypoxia........ 326 Part Four PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ORGANS AND SYSTEMS Chapter XXIII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD SYSTEM (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Irina I. Pototskaya)... 329 Total Blood Volume Disorders.......... 329 Hemorrhage............. 331 Pathology of the Erythrocytes......... 332 Erythrocytosis............ 334 Anemia.............. 335 The Posthemorrhagic Anemia......... 336 Hemolytic Anemia............. 337 The Dyserythropoietic Anemia.......... 341 Pathological Changes of the Leukocytes...... 347 Disorders of the Leukopoiesis......... 347 Quantitative Changes of the Leukocytes in the Blood.. 347 The Qualitative Changes of the Leukocytes in the Blood.. 351 Hemoblastosis, Leukemia......... 354 Pathology of the Hemostasis........... 358 Hemorrhagic Syndromes........... 359 Thrombotic Syndromes............ 363 Chapter ХХIV. Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders CAUSED BY HEART DYSFUNCTION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Gennadiy M. Butenko)..... 367 Heart Failure............. 368 Heart Failure Associated with Volume Overload. Mechanisms of Compensation 369 Heart Failure due to Myocardium Damage...... 377 Cardiac Rhythm Disorders........... 383 Chapter XXV. Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders CAUSED BY VESSELS DYSFUNCTION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Yuriy V. Byts; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal) 390 Pathological Changes in the Vessels of the Compensatory Type. Atherosclerosis 392 Experimental Models of the Atherosclerosis..... 393 Etiology............... 393 Pathogenesis.............. 399 Pathophysiology of Vessels of the Resistance (Muscle) Type. 403 Arterial Hypertension........... 403 Experimental models of the hypertension..... 404 Etiology............... 406 Pathogenesis.............. 407 Pulmonary Hypertension.......... 414 Arterial Hypotension............ 415 Chapter XXVI. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTREME STATES (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Larisa P. Zayarnaya)... 417 Shock............... 417 Etiology............... 417 Pathogenesis.............. 418 Specific Features of the Shock Development..... 428 Collapse............... 435 Chapter XXVII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATION (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vladimir A. Mikhnev)..... 440 Disorders of the Alveolar Ventilation....... 440 Disregulative Ventilative Respiratory Insufficiency.. 441 Obstructive Ventilative Insufficiency....... 446 Restrictive Ventilative Insufficiency....... 448 Disorders of the Respiration in the Pulmonary Obstructive and Restrictive Processes.............. 451 Diffusive Insufficiency of the Lungs........ 451 Decrease of the Total Blood Flow in the Lungs..... 454 Breaking of the Total and Local Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio in the Lungs 454 Impact of the Respiratory Failure on the Body..... 456 Disorders of Non-Respiratory Functions of the Lungs..... 459 Chapter XXVIII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Oleg I. Sukmanskiy; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vitaliy A. Kostenko)...... 461 Appetite Disorder............ 461 Digestive Disorders in the Oral Cavity...... 463 The Chewing Disorder............ 463 Dental Caries............. 463 Periodontal Pathology........... 465 Disorders of Salivation......... 466 Disorders of Swallowing and Esophageal Motility...... 468 Digestive Disorders in the Stomach....... 469 Disorders of the Stomach Secretion....... 469 Disorders of the Stomach Motility........ 471 Peptic Ulcer.............. 475 Intestinal Digestive Disorders........ 478 Digestive Disorders Connected with Impairment of the Bile and Pancreatic Juice Secretion... 478 Pancreatitis.............. 479 Disorders of the Parietal Digestion...... 481 Disorder of Intestinal Absorption. Malabsorption Syndrome. 483 Intestinal Motility Disorders......... 484 Intestinal Obstruction.......... 485 Intestinal Dysbiosis. Intestinal Autointoxication.... 486 Disorders of Hormone Synthesis in the Digestive System.. 487 Chapter XXIX. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Irina I. Pototskaya)... 490 General Characteristics of Pathological Processes in the Liver 490 Hepatic Insufficiency........... 491 Disorders of the Metabolism in Liver........ 493 Hepatic Protective Dysfunctions....... 496 Hepatic Coma.............. 497 Disorders of the Cholopoiesis and Cholekinesis.... 499 Disorders of the Hemodynamics at Deseases of Liver... 506 Chapter XXX. PATHoPHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEYS (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal; MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Anatoliy I. Gozhenko) 508 Disorders of the Renal Functions and Processes.... 508 Disorders of Glomerular Filtration....... 509 Disorders of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion... 511 Pathogenesis of the Renal Syndromes......... 515 Nephrotic Syndrome........... 517 Acute Renal Failure.......... 518 Chronic Renal Failure........... 520 Tubulointerstitial Syndrome........ 521 Etiology and Pathogenesis of the Main Renal Diseases.... 522 Glomerulonephritis........... 522 Pyelonephritis............ 525 Chapter XXXI. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Aleksandr G. Reznikov)... 527 Hormones and Their Role in the Body......... 527 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Endocrine Disorders..... 530 Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System..... 538 Dysfunctions of the Pituitary......... 538 Neuroendocrine Diseases......... 541 Disorders of Other Endocrine Organs......... 542 Dysfunctions of the Thyroid Gland........ 542 Dysfunctions of the Parathyroid Glands...... 546 Dysfunctions of the Adrenal Glands....... 547 Dysfunctions of the Sex Glands........ 550 The Endocrine Dysfunction of the Thymus..... 552 Dysfunctions of the Pineal Body (Epiphysis).... 552 Stress and General Adaptation Syndrome...... 553 Diabetes Mellitus (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Nikolay V. Krishtal) 554 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus........... 557 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus........... 562 Chapter ХХХII. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (MD, PhD, DSc, Professor Vladimir A. Mikhnev)..... 566 Etiology and Pathogenesis of the Nervous System Disorders.. 566 Dysfunctions of the Nervous System....... 569 Dysfunctions of the Nerve Cells and Conductors.... 569 Dysfunctions of the Synapses.......... 571 Disorders of the Sensitivity.......... 573 Pain................ 575 Disorders of the Motor Functions of the Nervous System.. 580 The Nervous Trophicity and Dystrophic Process..... 586 Dysfunctions of the Autonomic Nervous System...... 589 Experimental Models of Emotional Reactions and their Disorders 591 Coma (MD, PhD, Associate Professor Larisa P. Zayarnaya).... 595 References............. 603 Index 638 Дод.точки доступу: Krishtal, Nikolay Vasylovych Кришталь Микола Васильович Mikhnev, Volodymyr Anatoliyovych Міхньов Володимир Анатолійович Zaykо, Nikolay Nykyforovych Зайко Микола Никифорович Byts, Y. V. Butenko, G. M. Reznikov, O. G. Danylova, L. Ya. Pototska, I. I. Horban, V. O. Simeonova, N. K. Kostenko, V. O. Костенко Віталій Олександрович та ін. Krishtal, Nikolay Vasylovych \ed.\ Mikhnev, Volodymyr Anatoliyovych \ed.\ Примірників всього: 99 Наук.Аб. (6), Гурт.4 (1), Уч.Аб. (92) Вільні: Наук.Аб. (6), Гурт.4 (1), Уч.Аб. (92) |